What it is

Total knee replacement (TKR), also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical intervention designed to alleviate severe knee pain and restore function in patients with advanced knee arthritis or extensive knee damage. During the procedure, a surgeon removes the worn-out or damaged surfaces of the knee joint and replaces them with artificial components: a metal femoral component, a polyethylene (plastic) spacer to mimic cartilage, and a metal or ceramic tibial component. These implants are crafted to replicate the movement and function of a natural knee joint while providing a smooth, low-friction surface for improved mobility. TKR is typically recommended when conservative treatments—such as physical therapy, injections, and medications—no longer provide relief.

Symptoms it treats

Total knee replacement is typically performed to address a range of debilitating symptoms associated with advanced arthritis, joint degeneration, or trauma to the knee. Common symptoms that indicate the need for a knee replacement include:

• Chronic knee pain that interferes with daily activities
• Knee stiffness and limited range of motion
• Swelling and deformity in the knee joint
• Knee pain that persists during rest or at night

Postoperative care

Recovery from a total knee replacement involves a structured care plan to promote healing, manage pain, and restore function. Postoperative care includes:

• Physical therapy begins within a day to restore mobility and strengthen muscles
• Pain management includes medication and cold compresses
• Low-impact activities are recommended during recovery, and heavy lifting or high-impact sports should be avoided initially
• Follow-up appointments are necessary to monitor healing and the stability of the implant

Risks and complications

As with any major surgery, total knee replacement carries potential risks and complications. Patients should be aware of the following possible outcomes:

• Blood clots (DVT or PE)
• Infection at the incision or within the joint
• Loosening of the implant over time, potentially requiring revision surgery
• Stiffness or limited range of motion if scar tissue forms
• Rare nerve or blood vessel damage around the knee